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Like many European countries, England saw the establishment in the late 1990s and early twenty-first century of regional-scale spatial planning. Radical reform of English planning following the Localism Act 2011 however saw the wh...
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Like many European countries, England saw the establishment in the late 1990s and early twenty-first century of regional-scale spatial planning. Radical reform of English planning following the Localism Act 2011 however saw the whole intermediate tier of regional planning stripped out of the national planning system along with detailed guidance and top-down targets for house-building at a local level. This had a major impact on the Planning Inspectorate, the agency responsible on behalf of government for approving local development plans. Reform left the Inspectorate fully exposed to the tensions and contradictions between top-down policy and local autonomy inherent under the new planning framework. Focussing on future levels of housing development, a key responsibility of local councils under the new framework, we examine the implications of reform for the Planning Inspectorate in practice. We draw on approaches to localism and planning theory, in particular the idea of 'conditional localism', in order to situate and understand these changes. The study was based on interviews with elite respondents in or close to the Planning Inspectorate together with documentary sources. Lack of previous work on the Inspectorate, coupled with their key role in the national planning system, reinforced by recent reforms, emphasises the significance of the study. The importance of such 'landuse tribunals' internationally, points to the study's wider relevance. It provides, as well, a study of planning reform with relevance in a wider European context and suggests how recent contributions to the localism debate can help make sense of these changes.
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In this paper I explore how the culture of land-use planning in Scotland has been targeted as an object of modernising reform, exploring how culture change' initiatives played a prominent role in stabilising a new settlement aroun...
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In this paper I explore how the culture of land-use planning in Scotland has been targeted as an object of modernising reform, exploring how culture change' initiatives played a prominent role in stabilising a new settlement around open for business' planning between 2006 and 2012, containing potential tensions between diverse goals to make planning more efficient, inclusive and integrative. This highlights the potentially significant role of governance cultures in containing tensions and securing consent to processes of state restructuring. I therefore argue that greater empirical attentiveness to the cultural micro-politics of state restructuring can improve understanding of complex, contemporary dynamics of change, and the contested role of the neoliberal hegemonic project in reshaping urban governance. I conclude by arguing that the continued power of neoliberal critiques of the inefficiency of land-use planning indicate a need to acknowledge and engage contemporary cultural battles over the purposes of planning and urban governance.
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This case study of a donor-supported process to revise planning laws in Zambia evaluates the legislative status quo, marked by the colonial-era Town and Country Planning Act and the independence-era Housing (Statutory and Improvem...
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This case study of a donor-supported process to revise planning laws in Zambia evaluates the legislative status quo, marked by the colonial-era Town and Country Planning Act and the independence-era Housing (Statutory and Improvement Areas) Act. The former statute was seen to be outdated, inappropriate, and overly controlling while the later provided an exemption from the provisions of the former in specified areas set aside for low-income residential use. From the perspective of a consultant leading the law reform initiative, the wrong assumptions upon which the process was based are identified, and the unpredictable features of the law and policy making context in Zambia are examined. The concluding argument is that in Zambia a comprehensive, all-at-once approach to planning law reform may not be appropriate, with the alternative of a more drawn out process incrementally amending specified problematic provisions in the legislation over time suggested as a less risky and more effective approach.
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The UK Labour government's planning reform (2001-2010) intended to create a more proactive, creative and flexible planning culture. However, as the reforms progressed, public-sector planners increasingly lacked confidence. This ar...
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The UK Labour government's planning reform (2001-2010) intended to create a more proactive, creative and flexible planning culture. However, as the reforms progressed, public-sector planners increasingly lacked confidence. This article explores texts and contemporaneous interview material through an analysis of uncertainty and risk to present the tensions within the reform narratives, the continually changing context and the provision of contradictory advice from multiple outlets. We demonstrate how the proactive flexible planning message came to be read through a message of performance targets and consider how the various factors coalesced to produce an uncertain practice environment which many public-sector planners interpreted as 'risky'.
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Land-use plans serve a dual function. On the one hand, they are programmes for future development, plans for action. On the other hand, they have a regulative function in relation to construction and land use. This paper investiga...
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Land-use plans serve a dual function. On the one hand, they are programmes for future development, plans for action. On the other hand, they have a regulative function in relation to construction and land use. This paper investigates how the interplay between these functions is playing a role in the current debate about the new integrated Environment and Planning Act (Omgevingswet) in the Netherlands. Initially, the government proposed abolishing local landuse plans and replacing them with a system of by-laws. However, this proposal did not survive the debate on this bill. This paper will shed light on the relationships between planning and regulation by analysing that debate.
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This paper responds to the contributions to the review symposium on How China Escaped Shock Therapy. I discuss the strategy of economic system reform that started from the non-essential parts of the industrial system in order to e...
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This paper responds to the contributions to the review symposium on How China Escaped Shock Therapy. I discuss the strategy of economic system reform that started from the non-essential parts of the industrial system in order to eventually transform the commanding heights; the spatial dimension of reform in relation to "dual circulation" and the coastal development strategy; the nature and meaning of Chinese gradualism; and China's price stabilization strategies of the 1980s in relation to later inflationary challenges. Finally, I reflect on the symposium as a dialogue between economic geography and a history of ideas in action that I pursued in my book.
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This paper explores the strategic-local tensions, sometimes manifest as development conflicts, which remain a feature of the planning system in England. More particularly, it is concerned with the way local government and planning...
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This paper explores the strategic-local tensions, sometimes manifest as development conflicts, which remain a feature of the planning system in England. More particularly, it is concerned with the way local government and planning reforms brought forward over the last decade have affected these tensions and conflicts. It looks at three issues: why conflicts arise, focusing on the example of housing development, and how the reformed processes of local governance and planning respond to them; how a divergence in local government and planning reform may accentuate conflicts by creating two distinct, and sometimes contradictory, planning systems; and what actions might be taken to bridge these systems and ease local-strategic tensions, returning to the example of housing.
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Education for urban, regional and spatial planning has become a regular subject throughout most European nations; this can be attributed in part to European policies promoting planning and spatially balanced development, but also ...
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Education for urban, regional and spatial planning has become a regular subject throughout most European nations; this can be attributed in part to European policies promoting planning and spatially balanced development, but also to the recognition that planning can support sustainability. Nevertheless, there is lingering and justifiable concern about the status, profile and recognition of planning as a profession in its own right with the result that planning and planning education remain contested territories in academia. Conceptions of planning differ between countries and over time. The array of different planning cultures and associated educational models and pedagogies that traditionally have coexisted in Europe mean that education for planning can be either very visible or leading a shadow existence being embedded in programmes of other disciplines. While planning education provision customarily has been shaped by changes in planning practice paradigms and the profession, in 21st century Europe the provision is also influenced by European integration policies, the Bologna process and powerful transformations affecting the higher education sector writ large. This review seeks to advance our understanding of the complex dynamics at work, which to date have been only partially explored in the literature, by taking stock of the current state-of-play of planning education provision in Europe. Aside from examining the factors influencing planning education in Europe, an inventory of planning education programmes available throughout the member states of the Council of Europe was developed to quantify the provision as a critical first step. Figures indicate a substantial increase in the number of programmes when compared to limited historical data. Data also suggest an underdeveloped provision for education in planning in about ten per cent of European countries. Country case studies with historically differing planning cultures and education provision, i.e., Spain, Portugal, Finland, Poland, Slovakia, the United Kingdom and Switzerland are used to compare and explore trends and developments (e.g., in respect to programme structure, curriculum content and focus, professional conceptions, specialisms) in detail. Findings demonstrate, both, an enduring power of national preferences and traditions but also some emerging commonalities. Overall a picture of increasing pluralism and diversity of education models transpires in the aftermath of Bologna which may contravene efforts to establish cross-national professional recognition and standards. Education for planning seems to embrace trends to provide increasingly international learning experiences and degrees while the provision of flexible recognised (online) degree programmes remains sparse. Recommendations for future actions and strategies to further develop and strengthen the field which is at present complex and little coordinated conclude the contribution.
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This paper is grounded in what 15 experienced Glaswegian planners said about their work. Many spoke of their misgivings about the Scottish government's efforts to modernize national and local planning practices, whereby, in their ...
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This paper is grounded in what 15 experienced Glaswegian planners said about their work. Many spoke of their misgivings about the Scottish government's efforts to modernize national and local planning practices, whereby, in their view, they are expected to be facilitators of economic development above all other considerations. They spoke of how they thought planning should be practised and in their resource-constrained circumstances, how they strive to do so. Most grew up in the Glasgow region prior to the current neo-liberal ascendancy in public policy and planning and remain committed to their places and people. Whether their professional concerns are now largely residual or still relevant, so presaging possible emergent professional practices are discussed.
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Governments in many countries have sought to accelerate the time taken to make decisions on major infrastructure projects, citing problems of 'delay'. Despite this, rarely has the time variable been given careful empirical or conc...
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Governments in many countries have sought to accelerate the time taken to make decisions on major infrastructure projects, citing problems of 'delay'. Despite this, rarely has the time variable been given careful empirical or conceptual attention in decision-making generally, or in infrastructure decision-making specifically. This paper addresses this deficit by analysing decision-making on two categories of major infrastructure in the UK - transport and electricity generation -seeking both to generate better evidence of the changes to decision times in recent decades, and to generate insights from treating time as resource and tracking its (re)allocation. We find that reforms introduced since 2008 have done relatively little to alter overall decision times, but that there are marked and revealing changes to the allocation of time between decision-making stages. While public planning processes have their time frames tightly regulated, aspects led by developers (e.g. pre-application discussion) are not; arranging finance can have a bigger effect on project time frames, and central government retains much flexibility to manage the flow of time. Speed-up reforms are also sectorally uneven in their reach. This indicates how arguments for time discipline falter in the face of infrastructure projects that remain profoundly politicised.
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